Primero, conceptos deterministas y no deterministas sobre la libertad entre los economistas. Segundo, la incertidumbre knightiana y la abducción como una alternativa a los modelos de elección racional.

"Economists’ Notion of Free Will" reveals their deterministic or indeterministic conceptions. The two main positions are compatibilism and incompatibilism. Incompatibilists hold that free will and determinism are mutually exclusive, and consequently that we act freely only if determinism is false. Instead, compatibilism is the thesis that free will is compatible with determinism. The objective of the article is to determine which conception of freedom, incompatibilist or compatibilist, economists Ludwig Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Herbert Simon, and George Shackle hold. Second, Coping with Uncertainty: Knight, Keynes and Shackle and the Role of Abduction explores how the concept of abduction—originating from Charles Peirce’s theory of hypothesis formation—is central to the economic theories of Frank Knight, John Maynard Keynes, and George Shackle. Each of these thinkers challenges the adequacy of probabilistic reasoning in the face of true uncertainty, arguing instead that economic agents rely on abductive reasoning to generate plausible hypotheses and make decisions under conditions of radical ignorance. Knight’s distinction between risk and uncertainty, Keynes’s emphasis on the “weight of arguments,” and Shackle’s  notion of potential surprise all highlight the importance of imaginative judgment and qualitative reasoning. The paper demonstrates that abduction is the unifying thread that underpins their analyses of economic uncertainty, offering a robust alternative to traditional models of rational choice.